Original Title: "MT Capital Research Report: Analysis of the DA Track, Comparative Study of Celestia and EigenDA"

Original Author: Xinwei, Severin, Ian, MT Capital

TL;DR

1. Celestia currently exhibits a stable staking trend, with a staking rate of 48.88% and an Annual Percentage Rate (APR) of 15.74%. It is predicted that the ideal staking rate limit will be reached by the end of 2024. As there will be no new token unlocks before November 2024, it is expected that the actual circulating supply of tokens will continue to decrease, which will have a positive impact on the price. At present, the Celestia network maintains 100 active nodes.

2. The current data utilization rate of Celestia is only 0.1% of the total daily capacity, but its activity is growing compared to Ethereum. With the increase in data utilization rate, future costs may increase significantly. If the data capacity reaches 46,080 MB per day for the whole year, the annual cost will be about 5.2 million US dollars, which is 65 times the current Ethereum data cost. User demand is expected to come from high TPS applications and games, and there will be a large number of chains emerging based on Celestia RaaS in the coming months.

3. The adoption of technologies such as erasure coding, KZG commitments, and ACeD, as well as the decoupling of DA from consensus, allows EigenDA to provide superior performance in terms of transaction throughput, node load, and DA costs compared to Ethereum's DA solution. Compared to other DA solutions, EigenDA also has advantages in terms of lower startup and staking costs, faster network communication, data submission speed, and greater flexibility.

4. Comparison between Celestia and EigenDA, Celestia's competitive advantage lies in its extremely low data availability cost and higher data throughput, making it more favored by small and medium-sized L2 and application chains. EigenDA's competitive advantage lies in its potentially higher security and Ethereum orthodoxy, making it a rational choice for more large-scale L2 open source savings. In the future, Celestia will be able to enjoy the incremental market gains brought by the dual trend of modularity and application chains, while EigenDA will eat more of the Ethereum series stock market with higher security requirements.

5. The NEAR protocol enhances scalability and decentralization through sharding technology and stateless validation, simplifying data management for L2 projects. Avail optimizes blockchain data processing and storage through a modular system, supporting asynchronous interaction between application chains, improving network performance, and enabling efficient verification of data integrity for light clients. These technologies collectively promote user-friendliness and decentralization in the digital world of blockchain technology.

Introduction:

The data availability layer has become an important component of modular architecture, and DA has gradually become one of the hottest tracks in 2024. Discussions about Ethereum DA, Celestia, and other DA solutions are also emerging in the market. This article will delve into the core mechanisms, characteristics, comparison, and future development expectations of Celestia and EigenDA, the core players in the DA track, and scan other players in the DA track to help readers get a full picture of the current development of the DA track and understand the future competitive landscape of the DA track.

Celestia

Celestia is the first modular Data Availability (DA) network designed to securely scale with the growth of users. This modularity allows anyone to easily launch an independent blockchain.

Celestia Technical Features

1. Modular DA Network

The design of Celestia separates execution, consensus, settlement, and data availability. This modular structure allows for specialization and optimization at each level, improving the overall efficiency and scalability of the network.

source：https://docs.celestia.org/learn/how-celestia-works/monolithic-vs-modular

2. Data Availability Sampling (DAS)

DAS is a method that allows light nodes to verify data availability without downloading the entire block. Light nodes randomly sample data blocks, and if these data can be successfully retrieved and verified, it means that the data of the entire block is available.

source：https://docs.celestia.org/learn/how-celestia-works/data-availability-layer

3. Namespace Merkle Trees (NMTs)

NMTs enable block data to be divided into separate namespaces for different applications. This means that applications only need to download and process data that is relevant to them, greatly reducing data processing requirements.

source：https://docs.celestia.org/learn/how-celestia-works/data-availability-layer

4. Achieving Scalability through Light Nodes

More light nodes participating in data availability sampling, the more data the network can handle. This scalability feature is crucial for maintaining efficiency as the network grows.

5. Proof of fraud for erroneous extended data

In order to address the possibility of data expansion errors by block producers (whether intentional or unintentional), fraud proof allows for the verification and rejection of blocks with invalid data, enhancing the security of the network.

6. Build a PoS blockchain for data availability

Celestia uses a PoS blockchain called celestia-app to facilitate transactions and data availability. This layer is built on top of celestia-core, which is an improved version of the Tendermint consensus algorithm designed to handle the unique requirements of the DA layer.

7. Scalability

The two decisive factors for scalability are: the amount of data that can be sampled through centralized sampling, and the size of the target block header for light nodes (the size of the block header for light nodes directly affects the overall performance and scalability of the network).

Regarding the above two factors, Celestia utilizes the principle of collective sampling, which involves partial sampling of data through many nodes, to support larger data blocks (i.e. higher transaction processing per second, tps) without sacrificing security. This method can expand network capacity without compromising security. Additionally, in the Celestia system, the block header size of light nodes grows proportionally with the square root of the block size. This means that if light nodes are to maintain almost the same level of security as full nodes, they will face bandwidth costs proportional to the square root of the block size.

Modular Features of Celestia Stack

1. Self-Sovereignty

Celestia's Rollups are different from Ethereum Rollups in that when they run on Celestia, their canonical state is independently determined. This increases autonomy, allowing nodes to freely decide their operational methods through soft and hard forks. This self-sovereignty reduces reliance on central governance, promoting more experimentation and innovation.

2. Flexibility

Celestia's non-execution related features mean that its Rollups are not limited to EVM-compatible designs. This openness provides a broader space for innovation in virtual machines and helps drive technological development.

source：https://medium.com/@numia.data/the-impact-of-celestias-modular-da-layer-on-ethereum-l2s-a-first-look-8321bd41ff25

source：https://docs.celestia.org/learn/staking-governance-supply

source：https://docs.celestia.org/learn/staking-governance-supply

source：https://docs.celestia.org/learn/staking-governance-supply

source：https://staking-explorer.com/staking/celestia

source：MT Capital

source：MT Capital

source：https://wallet.keplr.app/chains/celestia

source：https://twitter.com/smyyguy/status/1744419436449222864

Celestia's current daily data usage rate is only 0.1%, far below its daily capacity of supporting 46,080 MB of data. Despite this, compared to Ethereum's current 15 Rollups and daily data volume of 700 MB, Celestia's activity is still growing.

Currently, the cost of Celestia is relatively low, but if data usage increases, the cost may significantly increase. If Celestia achieves a daily data capacity of 46,080 MB at a TIA price of $13 per year, the network will generate approximately $5.2 million in annual fees. This is 65 times the amount of data currently published on Ethereum. The cost structure of the network may lead to bidding wars between users, further driving up costs.

The future user demand may come from various applications, such as high TPS general chains, specific applications or games. Although it is currently difficult to predict the specific source of demand, games and high TPS Rollup may be key driving factors. In the next few months, we will see a large number of chains launched into the market using Celestia's RaaS.

source：https://twitter.com/smyyguy/status/1744419436449222864

Considering that Celestia is the first modular public chain DA layer, and the Cosmos community is very generous with airdrops for Celestia stakers (Dymension's airdrop has already covered the cost of Celestia stakers), there will be many modular public chain-related projects that will airdrop to Celestia stakers in the future. Therefore, the following valuation approach can be considered:

Price (TIA) = Value accumulation on DA layer + Currency premium of TIA as a "modular currency" + Value of all future airdrops.

Celestia Ecosystem Project

Cevmos

Different from the existing Tendermint Core consensus engine on Cosmos, Cevmos adopts Optimint (Optimistic Tendermint) as an alternative to Tendermint BFT, allowing developers to deploy rollups using existing consensus and data availability (such as Celestia). As Cevmos itself is a rollup, all rollups built on it are collectively referred to as settlement rollups. Each rollup achieves the redeployment of existing rollup contracts and applications on Ethereum by minimizing bidirectional trust bridges with Cevmos rollup, reducing migration workload. All rollups will use calldata on Cevmos rollup, and Cevmos will batch process the data through Optimint and publish it to Celestia.

As a restricted EVM environment, Cevmos rollup also attempts to address challenges through single-round fraud proof. Cevmos not only avoids designing and maintaining complex consensus mechanisms, but also brings the efficiency of rollup and the interoperability of EVM to the entire Cosmos ecosystem, providing a practical modular solution for the widespread application and popularization of the Cosmos ecosystem.

source：https://blog.dodoex.io/understanding-the-modular-blockchain-celestia-ecosystem-construction-9eb583eaea6b

Dymension

Dymension is a sovereign rollup platform based on Cosmos. It aims to greatly simplify the development process of custom rollups (called rollApps) focused on applications through its Dymension Chain (settlement layer), RDK (RollApp Development Kit), and IRC (inter-rollup communication) functions.

Dymension's self-built settlement layer, called Dymension hub, is a chain that uses the Tendermint Core state replication model and is based on the PoS consensus mechanism. RollApp, built on top of Dymension hub, not only inherits the security of the hub, but also achieves communication between each other through RDK and the dedicated module group supported by the hub.

RollApps consists of two key components: the client and the server. The server side serves as the application side of RollApp, responsible for implementing custom business logic and building pre-packaged modules for the RollApp development toolkit RDK. The client component, named dymint, is derived from Celestia's Optimint and serves as a direct replacement for Tendermint, responsible for block production, peer-to-peer network message propagation, and inter-layer communication. As RollApp itself does not undertake consensus tasks, dymint can provide the low-latency performance required for modern applications.

Similar to Cosmos, the goal of Dymension RollApps is to create application-specific blockchains to reduce consensus overhead. RDK adds new modules and modifies existing ones on top of the Cosmos-SDK to ensure compatibility with the Dymension protocol, while still being compatible with other tools in the Cosmos ecosystem. RollApps can interact with any chain that supports IBC through the Dymension Hub, making them a part of the Cosmos ecosystem as well.

source：https://blog.dodoex.io/understanding-the-modular-blockchain-celestia-ecosystem-construction-9eb583eaea6b

Eclipse

Eclipse is a sovereign rollup project based on the Cosmos ecosystem, which specifically allows for the construction of customizable modular rollup settlement layers using Solana VM on any chain. In the early stages, Eclipse plans to use Celestia as its consensus and data availability (DA) layer, while adopting Solana VM as the environment for execution and settlement. Eclipse's ultimate goal is to provide customized rollup execution layers for different Layer1 heterogeneous blockchains, connecting various blockchains through a modular approach. In addition, Eclipse plans to further develop Solana VM-based settlement layer rollups into Optimistic rollups and zk rollups in the future, expanding its functionality and application scope.

source：https://blog.dodoex.io/understanding-the-modular-blockchain-celestia-ecosystem-construction-9eb583eaea6b

Fuel

Fuel and Celestia are similar, but there are clear differences. Celestia focuses on optimizing data availability and consensus, handling data sorting, while Fuel is positioned as a modular execution layer.

One of the main differences of Fuel lies in its brand new virtual machine architecture - FuelVM, as well as the accompanying Sway language and toolchain. FuelVM is a custom virtual machine designed specifically for executing smart contracts, capable of processing transactions in parallel and designed from the outset to prevent fraud, making it suitable for the transaction execution layer of Optimistic rollup.

FuelVM integrates the SeaLevel features of WASM, EVM, and Solana, but its uniqueness lies in its adoption of the UTXO model instead of the account model. This means that Fuel VM requires each transaction to explicitly specify the UTXO it will touch. As the execution engine can accurately identify the state involved in each transaction, it can easily identify and process uncontested transactions in parallel. This design makes Fuel VM more efficient and secure in handling transactions.

source：https://blog.dodoex.io/understanding-the-modular-blockchain-celestia-ecosystem-construction-9eb583eaea6b

Celestia Summary and Future Outlook

Celestia, as the first modular DA network, focuses on secure expansion with the growth of users. Its modular design makes it easy to launch independent blockchains. The core technologies of the network include Data Availability Sampling (DAS) and Namespace Merkle Trees (NMTs). The former allows light nodes to verify data availability without downloading the entire block, while the latter reduces data processing requirements by allowing applications to only handle relevant data.

Based on the current collateralization ratio and APR relationship, it is expected that Celestia will not have any new unlocks before November 2024. According to the current trend of collateralization, the Celestia collateralization rate will continue to rise, and the actual circulation will continue to decrease, which is expected to drive up the token price. In addition, Celestia has reduced data costs by 99.9% compared to the Ethereum mainnet, with a daily data usage rate of only 0.1%, far below the daily supported data volume of 46,080 MB, demonstrating huge potential for expansion.

The value of Celestia's TIA token is not only based on its application and innovation in blockchain technology, but also includes its potential value in future airdrops. With the development of blockchain technology and the further popularization of modular public chains, Celestia and its TIA token may demonstrate greater potential and value.

In Celestia's ecosystem, there are multiple innovative projects such as Cevmos, Dymension, Eclipse, and Fuel. These projects utilize Celestia's modular features to provide customized solutions for specific applications, demonstrating Celestia's important position and development potential in the blockchain technology field.

Given its unique approach and technological innovation, Celestia is expected to play an important role in the blockchain industry. Its focus on solving the three major challenges of blockchain, particularly scalability, without sacrificing security or decentralization, makes it an important participant in the constantly evolving blockchain ecosystem.

EigenDA

EigenDA Introduction

EigenDA is the first AVS product under EigenLayer. EigenDA aims to rely on the security of Ethereum to make staking nodes become EigenDA's validation nodes, supporting Rollup to publish data to EigenDA, in order to obtain data availability services with lower costs and higher transaction throughput.

EigenDA Technical Architecture

EigenDA follows the final expansion path of Ethereum Danksharding, so the technological path of the DA layer adopted by EigenDA is highly related to the expansion path of Ethereum Danksharding. Furthermore, EigenDA's adoption of technologies such as erasure coding, KZG commitment, and ACeD (Authenticated Coded Dispersal), as well as the decoupling of DA and consensus, can provide superior performance in transaction throughput, node load, and DA cost compared to Ethereum Danksharding's DA solution.

The specific implementation process of EigenDA is as follows:

1. First, after the sorter of Rollup creates the data blob, it needs to send a request to Disperser to split the data blob. (Disperser can be run by Rollup itself or by third-party Dispersers such as EigenLabs.)

2. Secondly, after receiving the data blob, Disperser needs to split it into different data blocks and generate redundant data blob blocks and corresponding KZG commitments and KZG multi-reveal proofs using erasure coding.

3. Next, Disperser will distribute the data blocks, KZG commitments, and KZG multi-reveal proofs to different EigenDA nodes (registered as EigenDA nodes by staking on Ethereum). EigenDA nodes need to use KZG multi-reveal proofs and KZG commitments to verify the validity of the data blocks. After successful verification, the nodes need to save the data and send the signature back to Disperser.

source：https://www.blog.eigenlayer.xyz/intro-to-eigenda-hyperscale-data-availability-for-rollups/

source：https://medium.com/@VendingMachine/avs-token-design-considerations-eigenda-compared-to-celestia-89d416059758

· Due to the final confirmation of EigenDA relying on the EigenDA contract on the Ethereum mainnet, EigenDA will have significantly higher time costs for final confirmation compared to other DA solutions.

EigenDA launched its testnet testing with 30 node operators and an initial target throughput of 1Mbps in mid-November 2023. The plan is to gradually expand the number of operators to approach the target throughput of 10Mbps.

source：https://blobs-goerli.eigenda.xyz/?duration=?P7D

Currently, the total TVL in the EigenDA testnet is approximately 3.5M, with Ankr, Lido, and Stader's LST being the top three largest staked assets. The total number of node operators has reached 200, and the total number of stakers has reached 29.4k.

source：https://goerli.eigenlayer.xyz/avs/eigenda

1. Inheriting the security of Ethereum:

2. Improvement of network throughput:

Currently, the throughput of EigenDA testnet is about 0.45Mbps, while the throughput of Ethereum is about 0.083Mbps. Although the network throughput of EigenDA has not yet reached the ideal state of 1Mbps - 10Mbps or even 1Gbps, it still has about 500% improvement compared to the throughput of Ethereum.

Summary

Celestia vs EigenDA: Comparison and Future Outlook

Data availability sampling:

Encoding Proof Scheme:

Consensus Mechanism:

source：https://forum.celestia.org/t/a-comparison-between-da-layers/899

Node Load:

The data throughput of Celestia is about 6.67MB/s. While the throughput of EigenDA's current testnet is 0.45MB/s, there is still a certain gap from the target of 1MB/s - 10MB/s. At this stage, Celestia has a significant advantage in throughput compared to EigenDA.

Celestia's DA scheme relies heavily on the security of its PoS network, so becoming a Celestia node requires staking sufficient Tia tokens. Celestia's DA scheme has a certain start-up cost.

EigenDA's security is inherited from Ethereum. Becoming an EigenDA node only requires registering as a staking node, without the need for additional staking costs, avoiding initial startup costs.

Usage Cost:

Celestia's security is guaranteed by its network value. The higher the network value of Celestia, the higher the cost attackers have to pay for an attack, and the lower the probability of a successful attack. Currently, Celestia's staking value is approximately 1.2B, which means that malicious attackers would need to pay at least 0.8B to attack the Celestia network.

EigenDA's security is a subset of Ethereum's security. The size of EigenDA's security depends on the value of assets staked in the EigenDA network and the percentage of node operators in the Ethereum mainnet. From the perspective of TVL, based on current testnet data, EigenDA's network value inherits only 0.001% of Ethereum's security. If EigenDA wants to achieve security beyond Celestia's current level, the value of assets staked in the EigenDA network needs to account for more than 0.45% of Ethereum's network value. Currently, EigenDA is still in the testnet phase, and the assets deposited in EigenLayer are limited. It is expected that when EigenDA's mainnet is launched and EigenLayer is fully open, the value of assets staked in the EigenDA network will further increase, surpassing Celestia in network security.

Of course, the number of nodes is also one of the factors that cannot be ignored in network security. Currently, Celestia has about 100 staking validation nodes, while EigenDA testnet has 200 nodes. From the perspective of node quantity, EigenDA's security will also be better than Celestia's.

source：MT Capital

Although Celestia and EigenDA currently have different solutions for data availability sampling and encoding proof schemes, with the continuous maturity of DAS and KZG technologies, their choices may become more convergent. According to @sreeramkannan, EigenDA will also consider introducing DAS in the future to support more lightweight nodes. @likebeckett also stated that if the validity proof scheme based on KZG promises becomes more attractive than fraud proof, Celestia can also change its encoding proof scheme. Therefore, the differences between the two in the DA technology architecture may not become a core difference in the future.

The most significant differences between the two in the future are likely to be the differences in network security, usage costs, and throughput.

DA Future Outlook:

According to the comparison between Celestia and EigenDA in the previous section, network security, usage cost, and throughput may become the core considerations for choosing different DA schemes. In addition, the Ethereum orthodoxy inherent in EigenDA cannot be ignored as a key factor.

From the perspective of network security, although the network security exhibited by the EigenDA test network is still inferior to Celestia, we believe that with the launch of the EigenDA mainnet, the lifting of EigenLayer's restrictions on re-staking assets, and the outbreak of restaking narratives in the second half of the year, the value of assets staked in EigenDA will increase exponentially, and the number of nodes in EigenDA will also increase significantly. The network security of EigenDA may far exceed that of Celestia. Projects that rely more on security may prefer EigenDA's solution.

· Currently, the FDV of Ethereum is about 277B, and only 0.4% of Ethereum participation is needed to achieve security surpassing Celestia in EigenDA, which is clearly very easy to achieve.

As far as the cost difference is concerned, currently Celestia's usage cost is still significantly lower than EigenDA's usage cost. Small L2s that are more sensitive to profitability and more application chains may favor Celestia's DA solution. The migration of Lyra and Aevo to Celestia DA is the best example. Profitability is the first issue that every small and medium-sized L2 must consider. In the early days without enough prosperous ecology to generate revenue, open source and thrift are undoubtedly the wisest choices. Blindly pursuing Ethereum's "brand premium" may hinder its own development. As for application chains, lower cost expenditures also give them more asset disposal space, which can more flexibly formulate profit-sharing incentives, liquidity incentives, and user activity incentives based on their own development, and guide the development of their own value network.

· Taking aevo as an example, migrating to Celestia can reduce its data availability cost by over 90%.

source：https://medium.com/@numia.data/the-impact-of-celestias-modular-da-layer-on-ethereum-l2s-a-first-look-8321bd41ff25

In terms of throughput alone, based solely on the existing Celestia throughput data and EigenDA test network throughput data, Celestia still has a significant advantage of more than 10 times in throughput. Celestia with higher throughput will obviously be more favored by application chains with higher performance requirements. Moreover, Celestia can also flexibly increase block size according to actual needs, providing support for higher scalability and transaction throughput for application chains. Of course, the test network data of EigenDA can only be used as a reference for now, and EigenDA sometimes can also achieve performance of 6MB/s - 8MB/s. The specific performance situation still needs to wait for EigenDA to be finally launched and run to give a more fair judgment.

As far as the legitimacy of Ethereum is concerned, projects using EigenDA will still be considered to have the legitimate Ethereum bloodline. However, as time goes on and the concept of modularity deepens, the situation of being sneered at or criticized for using Celestia DA and being considered as deviating from the orthodox path is expected to gradually decrease. The concept of Ethereum legitimacy will gradually blur in the wave of massive L2 and application chains in the future. However, in the short term, it should be difficult to see the migration of shining DeFi and L2 overlords on Ethereum, and grasping Ethereum is still one of their core narratives.

Overall, Celestia's extremely low DA cost and higher throughput performance make it highly attractive to small and medium-sized L2 and application chains. L2 and application chains that save on high DA costs have more asset allocation space and can better distribute revenue profits to stimulate the development of their respective ecosystems and liquidity. In contrast, EigenDA's competitive advantage relies more on the security and orthodoxy attached to Ethereum. In the short to medium term, compared to Ethereum's expensive DA, EigenDA may become a more rational choice for large L2s.

Near DA

source：https://near.org/data-availability

Blob Store contract is a key component on the Near blockchain, designed specifically for handling and storing DA blobs. The Blob Store contract utilizes Near's consensus mechanism to store blobs, forming consensus around the data when a block producer processes it.

存档节点: Once the receipt is pruned, the responsibility for storing transaction data is transferred to the archival node. This data can also be obtained from the indexer.

ZKS、STARK、SCROLL等技术的应用，使我们在加密行业中拥有了强大的竞争力。我们的关键优势在于技术创新、安全性能和用户体验。

Key Advantages

The application of technologies such as ZKS, STARK, and SCROLL has given us a strong competitive edge in the encryption industry. Our key advantages lie in technological innovation, security performance, and user experience.

1. Consensus Verification: Near validators provide consensus around blob submissions.

3. Efficient use of consensus: Consensus that does not consume more data than necessary.

4. Indexer support: These data are currently indexed by all major browsers on NEAR.

Currently, the data availability layer product NEAR DA launched by Near has been integrated with developer stacks such as Polygon CDK and Arbitrum Orbit, allowing developers to use it to build their own L2 or L3 networks.

Arbitrum Orbit chain utilizes the Arbitrum Nitro technology stack, which is developed by Arbitrum for scaling Ethereum. It allows developers to create their own blockchain, which can settle transactions on Arbitrum One, Arbitrum Nova, or Ethereum mainnet, provided that Arbitrum DAO grants an L2 license. These Orbit chains use Arbitrum's Rollup and AnyTrust protocols, providing customization in throughput, privacy, gas tokens, and governance to meet specific use cases and business needs. For example, Rollup developers looking for cheaper data availability (DA) alternatives can now leverage NEAR DA in the Arbitrum Orbit stack. In this way, developers can build self-managed, configurable blockchains with more control over their functionality and governance, while benefiting from Ethereum's security guarantees.

Polygon Avail

Avail was originally a project by Polygon in 2020 and became an independent entity in 2023. The team is led by Anurag Arjun, co-founder of Polygon, and Prabal Banerjee, former head of Polygon Research, with the aim of providing industry-leading data availability solutions. Polygon Avail is a modular blockchain solution focused on data availability layer, aiming to build scalable data availability solutions. It adopts a range of technologies, including light clients, data availability sampling, KZG (Kate-Zaverucha-Goldberg) polynomial commitments, and erasure coding, to improve the throughput of on-chain data and address performance bottlenecks.

source：https://blog.availproject.org/the-avail-vision-reshaping-the-blockchain-landscape/

The design features of Avail include:

1. Consensus Mechanism: Using the BABE and GRANDPA consensus mechanisms from the Polkadot SDK, combined with activity and security, provides network elasticity and can withstand temporary network partitions and a large number of node failures.

2. Decentralization: Polkadot uses Nomination Proof of Stake (NPoS) to support up to 1000 validation nodes and reduce the risk of equity centralization through effective reward distribution. Avail's full nodes and light clients use Data Availability Sampling (DAS) for verification, allowing for the same level of security assurance as traditional full nodes while reducing reliance on them.

3. Proof of Validity: Avail uses KZG polynomial commitment to reduce memory, bandwidth, and storage requirements, providing an efficient verification process. This is different from the fraud-proof technology used by Celestia. Avail has many similarities with data availability, but its core difference lies in the method of proof of validity.

The practical applications of Avail include hosting independent chains, side chains, and off-chain scaling solutions, with the goal of providing a full-scenario data availability solution for the application layer. For example, in Ethereum Layer 2 solutions, Avail can be used for transaction sorting and data availability, ensuring data availability on the chain while reducing the data volume restrictions on the main chain.

Near DA and Polygon Avail Future Outlook

The NEAR protocol demonstrates its scalability and future development blueprint through its sharding method and NEAR DA technology. The recent transition to stateless validation by the engineering team marks further development of sharding technology, aiming to reduce hardware requirements for validators and transfer state to memory, enabling more shards and higher degrees of decentralization. This will improve the overall processing power of the NEAR protocol, allowing projects and developers to not compete for block space. With an increase in the number of shards, the data storage requirements for individual shards decrease, theoretically allowing each account to become its own shard, allowing for lightweight RPC nodes to run. This means more efficient data management for L2 projects using NEAR DA. Although data availability sharding is still in the research and development stage, it has already demonstrated the significant advantages of the NEAR protocol for builders and ecosystems. With the development of the Web3 field, NEAR not only solves the scalability challenges faced by Ethereum by providing fast and low-cost data availability solutions for rollups, but also prepares for the future of multi-chain and cross-chain, pushing NEAR DA technology to the forefront of this revolution.

Avail's future outlook focuses on improving the efficiency and accessibility of the blockchain ecosystem. Through its modular system, Avail aims to independently optimize data processing and storage, improving overall network performance. It particularly emphasizes enhancing data availability, ensuring that even if data is not directly stored on the chain, it can be effectively verified, which is crucial for maintaining transaction transparency and security. Avail also plans to support asynchronous interaction of multiple application chains, similar to microservice architecture, to enhance overall flexibility and scalability. For ordinary users, Avail uses advanced technology to enable lightweight clients to verify data integrity without downloading the entire blockchain, making blockchain technology more user-friendly. Since becoming independent of Polygon, Avail has begun exploring new partnership opportunities with diverse partners, demonstrating its potential in multiple application scenarios. Ultimately, Avail's goal is to provide developers with an easy-to-use environment that inspires them to create innovative applications while promoting the construction of a more open, interconnected, and decentralized digital world.

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https://near.org/data-availability

https://pages.near.org/blog/arbitrum-integrates-near-da-for-developers-building-ethereum-rollups/

https://foresightnews.pro/article/detail/51873

https://foresightnews.pro/article/detail/46036

https://foresightnews.pro/article/detail/48885

https://dodotopia.notion.site/Celestia-f86a7f5e0a154e229a2fddf9a90c37ea

https://docs.celestia.org/concepts/how-celestia-works/data-availability-layer

https://forum.celestia.org/t/an-open-modular-stack-for-evm-based-applications-using-celestia-evmos-and-cosmos/89

https://fuel-labs.ghost.io/beyond-monolithic-the-modular-blockchain-paradigm/

https://medium.com/alliancedao/the-case-for-parallel-processing-chains-90bac38a6ba4

https://docs.dymension.xyz/learn/dymension-hub

https://mirror.xyz/neelsalami.eth/rvhK5mEcFTOjyu_DFsqS2cYR7U6Fjvbw3nf8tI-pr-Q?ref=twitter

https://polygon.technology/solutions/polygon-avail/

https://rainandcoffee.substack.com/p/the-modular-world

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https://medium.com/@numia.data/the-impact-of-celestias-modular-da-layer-on-ethereum-l2s-a-first-look-8321bd41ff25

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